1. 程式人生 > >C++解構函式為什麼要為虛擬函式

C++解構函式為什麼要為虛擬函式

  在實現多型時,當用基類操作派生類,在析構時防止只析構基類而不析構派生類的狀況發生。

  a.第一段程式碼

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class ClxBase{
public:
    ClxBase() {};
    ~ClxBase() {cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!" << endl;};

    void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxBase!
" << endl; }; }; class ClxDerived : public ClxBase{ public: ClxDerived() {}; ~ClxDerived() { cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxDerived!" << endl; }; void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxDerived!" << endl; }; }; int main(){ ClxDerived
*p = new ClxDerived; p->DoSomething(); delete p; return 0; }

  執行結果:

  Do something in class ClxDerived!            

  Output from the destructor of class ClxDerived!

  Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!  

  這段程式碼中基類的解構函式不是虛擬函式,在main函式中用繼承類的指標去操作繼承類的成員,釋放指標P的過程是:先釋放繼承類的資源,再釋放基類資源. 

  b.第二段程式碼

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class ClxBase{
public:
    ClxBase() {};
    ~ClxBase() {cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!" << endl;};

    void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxBase!" << endl; };
};

class ClxDerived : public ClxBase{
public:
    ClxDerived() {};
    ~ClxDerived() { cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxDerived!" << endl; };

    void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxDerived!" << endl; }
};
  int   main(){  
  ClxBase *p =  new ClxDerived;
  p->DoSomething();
  delete p;
  return 0;
  } 

  輸出結果:

  Do something in class ClxBase!
  Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!

    這段程式碼中基類的解構函式同樣不是虛擬函式,不同的是在main函式中用基類的指標去操作繼承類的成員,釋放指標P的過程是:只是釋放了基類的資源,而沒有呼叫繼承類的解構函式.呼叫  dosomething()函式執行的也是基類定義的函式.

    一般情況下,這樣的刪除只能夠刪除基類物件,而不能刪除子類物件,形成了刪除一半形象,造成記憶體洩漏.

    在公有繼承中,基類對派生類及其物件的操作,只能影響到那些從基類繼承下來的成員.如果想要用基類對非繼承成員進行操作,則要把基類的這個函式定義為虛擬函式.

    解構函式自然也應該如此:如果它想析構子類中的重新定義或新的成員及物件,當然也應該宣告為虛的. 

  c.第三段程式碼:

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class ClxBase{
public:
    ClxBase() {};
    virtual ~ClxBase() {cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!" << endl;};
    virtual void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxBase!" << endl; };
};

class ClxDerived : public ClxBase{
public:
    ClxDerived() {};
    ~ClxDerived() { cout << "Output from the destructor of class ClxDerived!" << endl; };
    void DoSomething() { cout << "Do something in class ClxDerived!" << endl; };
};

  int   main(){  
  ClxBase *p =  new ClxDerived;
  p->DoSomething();
  delete p;
  return 0;
  }  

  執行結果:

  Do something in class ClxDerived!
  Output from the destructor of class ClxDerived!
  Output from the destructor of class ClxBase!

    這段程式碼中基類的解構函式被定義為虛擬函式,在main函式中用基類的指標去操作繼承類的成員,釋放指標P的過程是:只是釋放了繼承類的資源,再呼叫基類的解構函式.呼叫dosomething()函式執行的也是繼承類定義的函式.  

    如果不需要基類對派生類及物件進行操作,則不能定義虛擬函式,因為這樣會增加記憶體開銷.當類裡面有定義虛擬函式的時候,編譯器會給類新增一個虛擬函式表,裡面來存放虛擬函式指標,這樣就會增加類的儲存空間.所以,只有當一個類被用來作為基類的時候,才把解構函式寫成虛擬函式.