1.編寫釋出器

• 初始化 ROS 系統

• 在 ROS 網路內廣播我們將要在 chatter 話題上釋出 std_msgs/String 型別的訊息

• 以每秒 10 次的頻率在 chatter 上釋出訊息

在 beginner_tutorials package 裡建立 src/talker.cpp 檔案：

#include "ros/ros.h"　　　　　　//一個實用的標頭檔案，它引用了 ROS 系統中大部分常用的標頭檔案
#include "std_msgs/String.h"  //引用了 std_msgs/String 訊息, 它存放在 
 
std_msgs package 裡，是由 String.msg 檔案自動生成的標頭檔案。

#include <sstream>

/**
 * This tutorial demonstrates simple sending of messages over the ROS system.
 */
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
  /**
   * The ros::init() function needs to see argc and argv so that it can perform
   * any ROS arguments and name remapping that were provided at the command line. For programmatic
   * remappings you can use a different version of init() which takes remappings
   * directly, but for most command-line programs, passing argc and argv is the easiest
   * way to do it.  The third argument to init() is the name of the node.
   *
   * You must call one of the versions of ros::init() before using any other
   * part of the ROS system.
   
 
*/
  ros::init(argc, argv, "talker");　　//初始化 ROS.可指定節點的名稱。節點的名稱必須唯一(名稱內不能包含 / 等符號)

  /**
   * NodeHandle is the main access point to communications with the ROS system.
   * The first NodeHandle constructed will fully initialize this node, and the last
   * NodeHandle destructed will close down the node.
   
 
*/
  ros::NodeHandle n;　　//為這個程序的節點建立一個控制代碼。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　//第一個建立的 NodeHandle 會為節點進行初始化，最後一個銷燬的 NodeHandle 則會釋放該節點所佔用的所有資源
  /**
   * The advertise() function is how you tell ROS that you want to
   * publish on a given topic name. This invokes a call to the ROS
   * master node, which keeps a registry of who is publishing and who
   * is subscribing. After this advertise() call is made, the master
   * node will notify anyone who is trying to subscribe to this topic name,
   * and they will in turn negotiate a peer-to-peer connection with this
   * node.  advertise() returns a Publisher object which allows you to
   * publish messages on that topic through a call to publish().  Once
   * all copies of the returned Publisher object are destroyed, the topic
   * will be automatically unadvertised.
   *
   * The second parameter to advertise() is the size of the message queue
   * used for publishing messages.  If messages are published more quickly
   * than we can send them, the number here specifies how many messages to
   * buffer up before throwing some away.
   */
  ros::Publisher chatter_pub = n.advertise<std_msgs::String>("chatter", 1000);//告訴master 我們將要在 chatter（話題名） 上釋出 std_msgs/String 訊息型別的訊息。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　//如果我們釋出的訊息的頻率太高，緩衝區中的訊息在大於 1000 個的時候就會開始丟棄先前釋出的訊息。
　　　　　　　　　　　　　//advertise返回一個 ros::Publisher 物件,它有兩個作用： 1) 它有一個 publish() 成員函式可以讓你在topic上釋出訊息； 2) 如果訊息型別不對,它會拒絕釋出。

  ros::Rate loop_rate(10);///**
   * A count of how many messages we have sent. This is used to create
   * a unique string for each message.
   */
  int count = 0;
  while (ros::ok())　　　　　　//ros::ok()
  {
    /**
     * This is a message object. You stuff it with data, and then publish it.
     */
    std_msgs::String msg;

    std::stringstream ss;
    ss << "hello world " << count;
    msg.data = ss.str();

    ROS_INFO("%s", msg.data.c_str());//ROS_INFO 和其他類似的函式可以用來代替 printf/cout 等函式。

    /**
     * The publish() function is how you send messages. The parameter
     * is the message object. The type of this object must agree with the type
     * given as a template parameter to the advertise<>() call, as was done
     * in the constructor above.
     */
    chatter_pub.publish(msg);//向所有訂閱 chatter 話題的節點發送訊息。

    ros::spinOnce();　　　　　　//ros::spinOnce()這一語句，否則你的回撥函式就永遠也不會被呼叫

    loop_rate.sleep();　　　　//呼叫 ros::Rate 物件來休眠一段時間以使得釋出頻率為 10Hz。
    ++count;
  }


  return 0;
}

2.編寫訂閱器

• 初始化ROS系統

• 訂閱 chatter 話題

• 進入自迴圈，等待訊息的到達

• 當訊息到達，呼叫 chatterCallback() 函式

在 beginner_tutorials package 目錄下建立 src/listener.cpp 檔案：

#include "ros/ros.h"
#include "std_msgs/String.h"

/**
 * This tutorial demonstrates simple receipt of messages over the ROS system.
 */
void chatterCallback(const std_msgs::String::ConstPtr& msg)//是一個回撥函式，當接收到 chatter 話題的時候就會被呼叫。
{
  ROS_INFO("I heard: [%s]", msg->data.c_str());
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
  /**
   * The ros::init() function needs to see argc and argv so that it can perform
   * any ROS arguments and name remapping that were provided at the command line. For programmatic
   * remappings you can use a different version of init() which takes remappings
   * directly, but for most command-line programs, passing argc and argv is the easiest
   * way to do it.  The third argument to init() is the name of the node.
   *
   * You must call one of the versions of ros::init() before using any other
   * part of the ROS system.
   */
  ros::init(argc, argv, "listener");

  /**
   * NodeHandle is the main access point to communications with the ROS system.
   * The first NodeHandle constructed will fully initialize this node, and the last
   * NodeHandle destructed will close down the node.
   */
  ros::NodeHandle n;

  /**
   * The subscribe() call is how you tell ROS that you want to receive messages
   * on a given topic.  This invokes a call to the ROS
   * master node, which keeps a registry of who is publishing and who
   * is subscribing.  Messages are passed to a callback function, here
   * called chatterCallback.  subscribe() returns a Subscriber object that you
   * must hold on to until you want to unsubscribe.  When all copies of the Subscriber
   * object go out of scope, this callback will automatically be unsubscribed from
   * this topic.
   *
   * The second parameter to the subscribe() function is the size of the message
   * queue.  If messages are arriving faster than they are being processed, this
   * is the number of messages that will be buffered up before beginning to throw
   * away the oldest ones.
   */
  ros::Subscriber sub = n.subscribe("chatter", 1000, chatterCallback);

//告訴 master 我們要訂閱 chatter 話題上的訊息。當有訊息釋出到這個話題時，ROS 就會呼叫 chatterCallback() 函式。第二個引數是佇列大小，以防我們處理訊息的速度不夠快，當快取達到 1000 條訊息後，再有新的訊息到來就將開始丟棄先前接收的訊息。

/** * ros::spin() will enter a loop, pumping callbacks. With this version, all * callbacks will be called from within this thread (the main one). ros::spin() * will exit when Ctrl-C is pressed, or the node is shutdown by the master. */ 
ros::spin();//ros::spin() 進入自迴圈，可以儘可能快的呼叫訊息回撥函式。

return 0; 
}

3.編譯

• 1.確認CMakeLists.txt檔案

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.3)
project(beginner_tutorials)

## Find catkin and any catkin packages
find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS roscpp rospy std_msgs genmsg)

## Declare ROS messages and services
add_message_files(DIRECTORY msg FILES Num.msg)
add_service_files(DIRECTORY srv FILES AddTwoInts.srv)

## Generate added messages and services
generate_messages(DEPENDENCIES std_msgs)

## Declare a catkin package
catkin_package(

• 2.在 CMakeLists.txt 檔案末尾加入幾條語句:

include_directories(include ${catkin_INCLUDE_DIRS})

add_executable(talker src/talker.cpp)
target_link_libraries(talker ${catkin_LIBRARIES})
add_dependencies(talker beginner_tutorials_generate_messages_cpp)

add_executable(listener src/listener.cpp)
target_link_libraries(listener ${catkin_LIBRARIES})
add_dependencies(listener beginner_tutorials_generate_messages_cpp)

• 1-2會生成兩個可執行檔案, talker 和 listener, 預設儲存到 devel space 目錄下,具體在~/catkin_ws/devel/lib/<package name> 中.
• 3.如果在 *Groovy* 版本下，你可以使用下邊的這個變數來新增對所有必須的檔案依賴:

add_dependencies(talker ${catkin_EXPORTED_TARGETS})

• 4.執行 catkin_make

問題：

1.當你在package.xml中，新增完run_depend後，編譯出錯，顯示The manifest must not cotain the following  tags:run_depend。

原因：軟體包格式分兩種，第一種的四種依賴關係分別是：

<buildtool_depend>

<build_depend>

<run_depend>

<test_depend>

第二種的依賴關係變成：

<buildtool_depend>

<build_depend>

<build_export_depend>

<exec_depend>

<test_depend>

<doc_depend>

解決：當你run_depend出錯時，有可能是你的軟體包格式是第二種，所以要把run_depend改成exec_depend

2.invoking "make cmake_check_build_system" failed

仔細檢查：

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.3)
project(beginner_tutorials)

## Find catkin and any catkin packages
find_package(catkin REQUIRED COMPONENTS roscpp rospy std_msgs genmsg)

## Declare ROS messages and services
add_message_files(DIRECTORY msg FILES Num.msg)
add_service_files(DIRECTORY srv FILES AddTwoInts.srv)

## Generate added messages and services
generate_messages(DEPENDENCIES std_msgs)

## Declare a catkin package
catkin_package()　　#尤其要注意，裡面為空否則報上面的錯