線性方程組問題可以利用矩陣變換求解。利用高斯消元法，將矩陣轉換成一個行階梯矩陣，最後得到一個簡化行階梯矩陣，就是方程的解。參考資料（高斯消元法）

Java代碼

public class FunctionResolver {

    public static class LinearEquationGroup {
        /**
        代表線性方程組的矩陣。方程組已經經過歸一化處理，帶未知變量的部分全部位於“=”左邊，常數合並後位於“=”右邊。
        比如： 
             2a + b - c = 8
                -3a - b + 2c = -11
                -2a + b + 2c = -3

              對應的矩陣為：
               2   1  -1    8
              -3  -1   2  -11
              -2   1   2   -3
         */
        private BigDecimal[][] matrix;
        //未知變量的名稱，排列順序和矩陣一致，比如上面的例子中，對應的變量名列表就是a, b, c
        private List<String> variantes;

        public LinearEquationGroup() {
        }

        public LinearEquationGroup(BigDecimal[][] matrix) {
            this.matrix = matrix;
            check();
        }

        private void check() {
            for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++) {
                if (matrix.length != (matrix[i].length - 1)) {
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("輸入矩陣有誤! 必須為n*(n+1)矩陣");
                }
            }
        }

        public Map<String, BigDecimal> solve() {
            check();
            sortRows();
            eliminateVarianteDownwards();
            normalize();
            eliminateVarianteUpwards();
            Map<String, BigDecimal> ret = new HashMap<>();
            int i = 0;
            int lastCol = variantes.size();
            for (String var : variantes) {
                ret.put(var, matrix[i++][lastCol]);
            }
            return ret;
        }

        /**
         * 重排序行, 以便做高斯消元. 保證第i行的第i列元素不為0
         */
        void sortRows() {
            int row = 0;
            int below = 0;
            int col = 0;
            for (; row < matrix.length - 1; ++row) {
                col = row;
                if (matrix[row][col].compareTo(BigDecimal.ZERO) == 0) {
                    for (below = row + 1; below < matrix.length; below++) {
                        if (matrix[below][col].compareTo(BigDecimal.ZERO) != 0) {
                            BigDecimal[] temp = matrix[row];
                            matrix[row] = matrix[below];
                            matrix[below] = temp;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                    if (below >= matrix.length) {
                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("方程組無解或者無唯一解!");
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        /**
         * 從上往下消元。消元結果使得第i行以下的第i列都為0
         */
        void eliminateVarianteDownwards() {
            int baseRow = 0;
            int targetRow;
            final BigDecimal minusOne = new BigDecimal(-1);
            int colCnt = matrix[0].length;
            int rowCnt = matrix.length;
            for (; baseRow < matrix.length - 1; ++baseRow) {
                int col = baseRow;
                for (targetRow = baseRow + 1; targetRow < matrix.length; ++targetRow) {
                    if (matrix[targetRow][col].compareTo(BigDecimal.ZERO) != 0) {
                        BigDecimal fraction = matrix[targetRow][col].divide(matrix[baseRow][col]).multiply(minusOne);
                        for (int j = 0; j < colCnt; j++) {
                            matrix[targetRow][j] = matrix[targetRow][j].add(fraction.multiply(matrix[baseRow][j]));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        //歸一化。使得第i行第i列的元素都為1，這樣最後得到的簡化行階梯矩陣的最後一列即為解
        void normalize() {
            for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++) {
                if (matrix[i][i].compareTo(BigDecimal.ZERO) == 0) {
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("方程組無解或者無唯一解!");
                }
                if (matrix[i][i].compareTo(BigDecimal.ONE) == 0)
                    continue;
                for (int j = matrix[i].length - 1; j >= i; j--) {
                    matrix[i][j] = matrix[i][j].divide(matrix[i][i]);
                }
            }
        }

        //從下往上消元。使得第i行以上第i列的元素都為0
        void eliminateVarianteUpwards() {
            int baseRow = matrix.length - 1;
            int colCnt = matrix[0].length;
            final BigDecimal minusOne = new BigDecimal(-1);
            for (; baseRow > 0; baseRow--) {
                int col = baseRow;
                for (int targetRow = baseRow - 1; targetRow >= 0; targetRow--) {
                    if (matrix[targetRow][col].compareTo(BigDecimal.ZERO) != 0) {
                        BigDecimal fraction = minusOne.multiply(matrix[targetRow][col].divide(matrix[baseRow][col]));
                        for (int j = 0; j < colCnt; j++) {
                            matrix[targetRow][j] = matrix[targetRow][j].add(fraction.multiply(matrix[baseRow][j]));
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        public BigDecimal[][] getMatrix() {
            return matrix;
        }

        public List<String> getVariantes() {
            return variantes;
        }

        public void setVariantes(List<String> variantes) {
            this.variantes = variantes;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            if (this == o) return true;
            if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;

            LinearEquationGroup that = (LinearEquationGroup) o;

            return Arrays.deepEquals(matrix, that.matrix);

        }

        @Override
        public int hashCode() {
            return Arrays.deepHashCode(matrix);
        }
    }

    //解析Map形式輸入的方程組。輸入類型Map<String, String>，每個entry代表一個方程，entry的key是方程“=”左邊部分，entry的value是“=”右邊部分。未知變量用字母串表示。
    public static class LinearEquationGroupBuilder {
        private Map<String, List<String>> keyTokens = new HashMap<>();
        private Map<String, List<String>> valueTokens = new HashMap<>();

        public LinearEquationGroup createFrom(Map<String, String> funcMap) {
            final LinearEquationGroup linearEquationGroup = new LinearEquationGroup();
            linearEquationGroup.matrix = new BigDecimal[funcMap.size()][];
            funcMap.forEach((k, v) -> {
                keyTokens.put(k, tokenize(k));
                valueTokens.put(v, tokenize(v));
            });
            Map<String, Integer> vars = findVariantes(funcMap);
            final ArrayList<String> variants = new ArrayList<>(vars.size());
            vars.forEach((k, v) -> variants.add(v, k));
            linearEquationGroup.setVariantes(variants);
            BigDecimal[][] matrix = linearEquationGroup.matrix;
            for (int i = 0; i < matrix.length; i++) {
                matrix[i] = new BigDecimal[vars.size() + 1];
                for (int j = 0; j < matrix[i].length; j++) {
                    matrix[i][j] = new BigDecimal(0);
                }
            }
            buildMatrix(matrix, funcMap, vars);
            return linearEquationGroup;
        }

        private Map<String, Integer> findVariantes(Map<String, String> fucMap) {
            final Map<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
            final int[] keyIdx = new int[1];
            keyIdx[0] = 0;
            fucMap.forEach((k,v) -> {
                parseVariantes(map, keyIdx, keyTokens.get(k));
                parseVariantes(map, keyIdx, valueTokens.get(v));
            });
            return map;
        }

        private void parseVariantes(Map<String, Integer> map, int[] keyIdx, List<String> tokens) {
            for (String part : tokens) {
                final Object[] objects = splitFactorAndVar(part);
                if (objects[1] != null) {
                    final String var = (String)objects[1];
                    if (!map.containsKey(var)) {
                        map.put(var, keyIdx[0]++);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        private LinkedList<String> tokenize(String k) {
            final LinkedList<String> parts = new LinkedList<>();
            int end = k.length();
            for (int i = k.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
                if (k.charAt(i) == ‘-‘) {
                    final String trimed = k.substring(i, end).trim();
                    if (trimed.length() > 0)
                        parts.addFirst(trimed);
                    end = i;
                } else if (k.charAt(i) == ‘+‘) {
                    final String trimed = k.substring(i + 1, end).trim();
                    if (trimed.length() > 0)
                        parts.addFirst(trimed);
                    end = i;
                } else {
                    //
                }
            }
            if (end > 0) {
                final String trimed = k.substring(0, end).trim();
                if (trimed.length() > 0)
                    parts.addFirst(trimed);
            }
            return parts;
        }

        /**
         * 解析數字和變量
         * @param part 數字和變量, 或者純數字, 或者純變量, 比如2a, 1.5b, 7, c, -3d, -e
         * @return 返回一個數組, 0號元素是解析出來的系數, 1號元素是變量名. 系數或變量名可能不存在,這個時候對應位置的元素為null
         */
        Object[] splitFactorAndVar(String part) {
            Object[] ret = new Object[]{null, null};
            part = part.trim();
            boolean isNegative = false;
            if (part.charAt(0) == ‘-‘) {
                isNegative = true;
                part = part.substring(1);
            }
            int idx = part.length() - 1;
            while (idx >= 0 && !Character.isDigit(part.charAt(idx))) --idx;
            if (idx >= 0) {
                double factor = Double.parseDouble(part.substring(0, idx + 1));
                ret[0] = factor;
                String var = null;
                if (idx + 1 < part.length()) {
                    var = part.substring(idx + 1);
                    ret[1] = var.trim();
                }
            } else {
                ret[1] = part.trim();
                ret[0] = 1.0;
            }
            if (isNegative) {
                ret[0] = -1 * (double)ret[0];
            }
            return ret;
        }

        private void buildMatrix(BigDecimal[][] matric, Map<String, String> funcMap, Map<String, Integer> varIds) {
            final int[] i = new int[1];
            i[0] = 0;
            funcMap.forEach((k, v) -> {
                //matric[i[0]] = new BigDecimal[varIds.size() + 1];
                processOneFunction(matric[i[0]++], k, v, varIds);
            });
        }

        void processOneFunction(BigDecimal[] matricRow, String key, String value, Map<String, Integer> varIds) {
            processOneside(matricRow, key, varIds, true);
            processOneside(matricRow, value, varIds, false);
        }

        private void processOneside(BigDecimal[] matricRow, String key, Map<String, Integer> varIds, boolean isKey) {
            int commonFactor;
            List<String> parts;
            if (isKey) {
                commonFactor = 1;
                parts = keyTokens.get(key);
            } else {
                commonFactor = -1;
                parts = valueTokens.get(key);
            }
            for (String part : parts) {
                final Object[] objects = splitFactorAndVar(part);
                // 含有變量
                if (objects[1] != null) {
                    if (objects[0] != null) {
                        final Double factor = (Double) objects[0];
                        final Integer idx = varIds.get((String) objects[1]);
                        if (idx == null) {
                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("can‘t found " + objects[1] + " in varIds");
                        }
                        if (matricRow[idx] == null) {
                            matricRow[idx] = new BigDecimal(factor * commonFactor);
                        } else {
                            matricRow[idx] = matricRow[idx].add(new BigDecimal(factor * commonFactor));
                        }
                    } else {
                        final Integer idx = varIds.get((String) objects[1]);
                        if (idx == null) {
                            throw new IllegalArgumentException("can‘t found " + objects[1] + " in varIds");
                        }
                        if (matricRow[idx] == null) {
                            matricRow[idx] = new BigDecimal(1 * commonFactor);
                        } else {
                            matricRow[idx] = matricRow[idx].add(new BigDecimal(1 * commonFactor));
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    //只是數字
                    if (objects[0] != null) {
                        matricRow[matricRow.length - 1] = matricRow[matricRow.length - 1].add(new BigDecimal(-1 * commonFactor * ((Double)objects[0])));
                    } else {
                        throw new IllegalArgumentException("系數和數字不能同時為null: " + key);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final FunctionResolver.LinearEquationGroupBuilder linearEquationGroupBuilder = new FunctionResolver.LinearEquationGroupBuilder();
        Map<String, String> fMap = new HashMap<>();
        fMap.put("2a+b-c", "8");
        fMap.put("-3a-b+2c", "-11");
        fMap.put("-2a+b+2c", "-3");
        FunctionResolver.LinearEquationGroup equationGroup = linearEquationGroupBuilder.createFrom(fMap);
        final Map<String, BigDecimal> solve = equationGroup.solve();
        solve.forEach((k, v) -> System.out.println(k + "=" + v));
    }
}
 

復雜度分析

該算法的時間復雜度為O(n^3)，空間復雜度為O(n^2)。對於維度不高的線性方程還是可以接受。

用高斯消元法求解線性方程組